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In addition to facilitating the garden"s moisture conditions for fungal growth, weeds Iranian Pistachio are also wintering grounds for some pests, so control management practices are essential.

 

 Plant residues in the garden such as leaves, male inflorescences, spikelets and fruits left in the garden create a focal point for the spread of aflatoxin-producing fungi. Therefore, in order to reduce pollution and maintain garden hygiene, these resources should be eliminated.

 

In some pistachio growing areas, the top skin and axis of the spikes are transferred to the garden after processing, which is one of the effective factors in increasing the population of aflatoxin-producing fungi. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid transferring these materials or any type of processing waste to the garden and stacking them near pistachio orchards and bury them like animal manure under the soil.

 

Due to the above, improper pruning, early rain, late harvest, late season spraying, mixing of spilled seeds on the ground and spikes on the lower branches that are in contact with the soil with healthy seeds. Unnecessary irrigations at the end of the season increase the humidity and consequently the production of aflatoxins in pistachio seeds, which should be avoided as much as possible to create the above conditions that provide favorable conditions for fungal growth.